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Sara Elin
Roberts
s. xx–xxi

14 publications between 2001 and 2022 indexed
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Works authored

The growth of law in medieval Wales, c.1100–c.1500
Roberts, Sara Elin, The growth of law in medieval Wales, c.1100–c.1500, Studies in Celtic History, 45, Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer, 2022.  

Contents: [Preliminary matter] -- Preface -- Part I. Reading the law, shaping the law : 1: Introduction: medieval Welsh law and the lawtexts -- 2: Ancient laws and institutes of Wales and the historiography of the Welsh laws -- 3: Lawyers and the law in medieval Wales -- Appendix: 'Rei a dyweit' -- Part II. A new approach to Cyfraith Hywel -- 4: The 'anomalous laws' and the lawtexts -- 5: The Blegywryd redaction -- 6: The development of the redaction manuscripts -- 7: The non-redaction lawbooks -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- Glossary -- Bibliography -- Index -- Index of manuscripts.

abstract:
The Middle Ages in Wales were turbulent, with society and culture in constant flux. Edward I of England's 1282 conquest brought with it major changes to society, governance, power and identity, and thereby to the traditional system of the law. Despite this, in the post-conquest period the development of law in Wales and the March flourished, and many manuscripts and lawbooks were created to meet the needs of those who practised law. This study, the first to fully reappraise the entire corpus of law manuscripts since Aneurin Owen's seminal 1841 edition, begins by considering the background to the creation of the law from the earliest period, particularly from c.1100 onwards, before turning to the "golden age" of lawmaking in thirteenth-century Gwynedd. The nature of the law in south Wales is also examined in full, with a particular focus on later developments, including the different use of legal texts in that region and its fourteenth- and fifteenth-century manuscripts. The author approaches medieval Welsh law, its practice, texts and redactions, in their own contexts, rather than through the lens of later historiography. In particular, she shows that much manuscript material previously considered "additional" or "anomalous" in fact incorporates new legal material and texts written for a particular purpose: thanks to their flexible accommodation of change, adjustment and addition, Welsh lawbooks were not just shaped by, but indeed shaped, medieval Welsh law.

Contents: [Preliminary matter] -- Preface -- Part I. Reading the law, shaping the law : 1: Introduction: medieval Welsh law and the lawtexts -- 2: Ancient laws and institutes of Wales and the historiography of the Welsh laws -- 3: Lawyers and the law in medieval Wales -- Appendix: 'Rei a dyweit' -- Part II. A new approach to Cyfraith Hywel -- 4: The 'anomalous laws' and the lawtexts -- 5: The Blegywryd redaction -- 6: The development of the redaction manuscripts -- 7: The non-redaction lawbooks -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- Glossary -- Bibliography -- Index -- Index of manuscripts.

abstract:
The Middle Ages in Wales were turbulent, with society and culture in constant flux. Edward I of England's 1282 conquest brought with it major changes to society, governance, power and identity, and thereby to the traditional system of the law. Despite this, in the post-conquest period the development of law in Wales and the March flourished, and many manuscripts and lawbooks were created to meet the needs of those who practised law. This study, the first to fully reappraise the entire corpus of law manuscripts since Aneurin Owen's seminal 1841 edition, begins by considering the background to the creation of the law from the earliest period, particularly from c.1100 onwards, before turning to the "golden age" of lawmaking in thirteenth-century Gwynedd. The nature of the law in south Wales is also examined in full, with a particular focus on later developments, including the different use of legal texts in that region and its fourteenth- and fifteenth-century manuscripts. The author approaches medieval Welsh law, its practice, texts and redactions, in their own contexts, rather than through the lens of later historiography. In particular, she shows that much manuscript material previously considered "additional" or "anomalous" in fact incorporates new legal material and texts written for a particular purpose: thanks to their flexible accommodation of change, adjustment and addition, Welsh lawbooks were not just shaped by, but indeed shaped, medieval Welsh law.
Archwilio Cymru’r oesoedd canol: testunau o Gyfraith Hywel
Roberts, Sara Elin, and Christine James, Archwilio Cymru’r oesoedd canol: testunau o Gyfraith Hywel, Texts and Studies in Medieval Welsh Law, 4, Cambridge, 2016.
 : <link>
Llawysgrif Pomffred: an edition and study of Peniarth MS 259B
Roberts, Sara Elin, Llawysgrif Pomffred: an edition and study of Peniarth MS 259B, Medieval Law and Its Practice, 10, Leiden: Brill, 2011.  
abstract:
Llawysgrif Pomffred presents for the first time an edition of an overlooked Welsh law manuscript, Peniarth 259B. This is an important and groundbreaking edition which will contribute to our understanding of the relationship and development of the Welsh law texts. The manuscript contains a law text of the Cyfnerth redaction, seen to be the earliest of the Welsh law redactions, and it also has a lengthy tail of additional material which is largely practical in nature, and seems to reflect the legal situation in the March of Wales, with English and Welsh legal customs being mixed. The manuscript may have been given to a certain Einion ab Adda whilst he was in prison in Pontefract.
(source: publisher)
abstract:
Llawysgrif Pomffred presents for the first time an edition of an overlooked Welsh law manuscript, Peniarth 259B. This is an important and groundbreaking edition which will contribute to our understanding of the relationship and development of the Welsh law texts. The manuscript contains a law text of the Cyfnerth redaction, seen to be the earliest of the Welsh law redactions, and it also has a lengthy tail of additional material which is largely practical in nature, and seems to reflect the legal situation in the March of Wales, with English and Welsh legal customs being mixed. The manuscript may have been given to a certain Einion ab Adda whilst he was in prison in Pontefract.
(source: publisher)
The legal triads of medieval Wales
Roberts, Sara Elin, The legal triads of medieval Wales, Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2007. xv + 461 pp.  
abstract:
The law manuscripts of medieval Wales not only explain the historically unique Welsh legal system, but they also stand as works of surprising literary merit. The Legal Triads of Medieval Wales is the first full-length study devoted to the exploration of the legal triads--educational and mnemonic sentences for almost every aspect of medieval Welsh law that collect things in groups of three. A must for any reader interested in the workings of medieval law, this volume offers a fully edited and translated text of the triads, as well as their literary and legal context.
(source: publisher)
abstract:
The law manuscripts of medieval Wales not only explain the historically unique Welsh legal system, but they also stand as works of surprising literary merit. The Legal Triads of Medieval Wales is the first full-length study devoted to the exploration of the legal triads--educational and mnemonic sentences for almost every aspect of medieval Welsh law that collect things in groups of three. A must for any reader interested in the workings of medieval law, this volume offers a fully edited and translated text of the triads, as well as their literary and legal context.
(source: publisher)

Websites

Roberts, Sara Elin [project leader], and Bryn Jones [research ass.], Cyfraith Hywel, Online, 2013–. URL: <http://cyfraith-hywel.org.uk>. 
abstract:

Cyfraith-Hywel.org.uk focuses on research on the manuscripts of Welsh law. Dr Sara Elin Roberts led the original research project, which was funded by the University of Wales and the Coleg Cymraeg Cenedlaethol. This site presents the contents of all of the manuscripts of Welsh law in the form of related and searchable databases. There is also a full bibliography of works on Welsh law, and texts and information on Ancient Laws, the first full study of the laws published in 1841.

abstract:

Cyfraith-Hywel.org.uk focuses on research on the manuscripts of Welsh law. Dr Sara Elin Roberts led the original research project, which was funded by the University of Wales and the Coleg Cymraeg Cenedlaethol. This site presents the contents of all of the manuscripts of Welsh law in the form of related and searchable databases. There is also a full bibliography of works on Welsh law, and texts and information on Ancient Laws, the first full study of the laws published in 1841.

Contributions to journals

Roberts, Sara Elin, “More plaints in medieval Welsh law”, Studia Celtica 48 (2014): 171–199.
Roberts, Sara Elin, “Cwpled coll o waith Dafydd ap Gwilym”, Dwned 11 (2005): 65–65.
Roberts, Sara Elin, “Legal practice in fifteenth-century Brycheiniog”, Studia Celtica 35 (2001): 307–323.

Contributions to edited collections or authored works

Roberts, Sara Elin, “‘A rather laborious and harassing occupation’: the creation of the Ancient laws and institutes of Wales (1841)”, in: Thom Gobbitt (ed.), Law / book / culture in the Middle Ages, 14, Leiden, Boston: Brill, 2021. 376–397.
Roberts, Sara Elin, “The Iorwerth Triads”, in: Fiona Edmonds, and Paul Russell (eds), Tome: studies in medieval Celtic history and law in honour of Thomas Charles-Edwards, 31, Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2011. 155–164.
Roberts, Sara Elin, “Emerging from the bushes: the Welsh law of women in the legal triads”, in: Joseph F. Eska (ed.), Law, literature and society, 7, Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2008. 58–76.
Roberts, Sara Elin, “‘By the authority of the Devil’: the operation of Welsh and English law in medieval Wales”, in: Ruth Kennedy, and Simon Meecham-Jones (eds), Authority and subjugation in writing of medieval Wales, London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. 85–97.
Roberts, Sara Elin, “(Editions with notes and translations)”, Gwaith Dafydd ap Gwilym, Online: Welsh Department, Swansea University, 2007. URL: <http://www.dafyddapgwilym.net>.
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